Mental health conditions in teenagers are a significant concern, affecting a substantial portion of this age group. Adolescence is a period of rapid physical, emotional, and social changes, making teenagers particularly vulnerable to various mental health challenges. Recognizing and addressing these conditions early is crucial for the well-being and development of teenagers. Adolescence is a unique and formative time. Physical, emotional and social changes, including exposure to poverty, abuse, or violence, can make adolescents vulnerable to mental health problems. Protecting adolescents from adversity, promoting socio-emotional learning and psychological well-being, and ensuring access to mental health care are critical for their health and well-being during adolescence and adulthood.
Globally, it is estimated that 1 in 7 (14%) 10–19 year-olds experience mental health conditions (1), yet these remain largely unrecognized and untreated.
Adolescents with mental health conditions are particularly vulnerable to social exclusion, discrimination, stigma (affecting readiness to seek help), educational difficulties, risk-taking behaviours, physical ill-health and human rights violations. Adolescence is a crucial period for developing social and emotional habits important for mental well-being. These include adopting healthy sleep patterns; exercising regularly; developing coping, problem-solving, and interpersonal skills; and learning to manage emotions. Protective and supportive environments in the family, at school and in the wider community are important.
Multiple factors affect mental health. The more risk factors adolescents are exposed to, the greater the potential impact on their mental health. Factors that can contribute to stress during adolescence include exposure to adversity, pressure to conform with peers and exploration of identity. Media influence and gender norms can exacerbate the disparity between an adolescent’s lived reality and their perceptions or aspirations for the future. Other important determinants include the quality of their home life and relationships with peers. Violence (especially sexual violence and bullying), harsh parenting and severe and socioeconomic problems are recognized risks to mental health.
Some adolescents are at greater risk of mental health conditions due to their living conditions, stigma, discrimination or exclusion, or lack of access to quality support and services. These include adolescents living in humanitarian and fragile settings; adolescents with chronic illness, autism spectrum disorder, an intellectual disability or other neurological condition; pregnant adolescents, adolescent parents, or those in early or forced marriages; orphans; and adolescents from minority ethnic or sexual backgrounds or other discriminated groups.
ANXIETY
As with anxiety symptoms, anxiety treatment recommendations for teen sufferers are slightly different from those prescribed for adults. Because teens’ brains are still developing, it is best to avoid medications whenever possible and to begin by trying non-medical techniques for relieving anxiety, including:
Exercise is the most important activity a teenager can do. Lots of teens think the idea of exercise is silly since fitness isn’t exactly a teenager problem. But exercise does more than build muscles. It also releases chemicals in the brain that improve mood and relaxation, and tires muscles to decrease anxiety symptoms. It’s one of the most valuable tools for controlling anxiety a person can integrate into their lives.
A healthy body is often the key to a healthier mind. A healthy heart, lungs, and muscles lessen the strain that anxiety causes the body, and allow a teenager to participate comfortably in healthy stress-relieving leisure activities such as running, biking, hiking or swimming. Additionally, a healthy body improves self-image, which is a fragile thing during teenage years.
Letting a teen know that they are worthwhile and can do whatever they set their minds to will help them to retain a sense of worth as a person when mood swings and teenage drama get them down. Even when they do something stupid due to a lack of judgment, it is good to be as supportive as possible.
Even when a teen’s desires and dreams seem unreasonable or far-fetched, bear in mind that the logic and judgment centers of their brains have yet to develop. They are more likely to want to do the opposite of what you say that follow through with doing something you casually approve of. This type of attitude will limit stress on the teen by making them feel as though they have someone on their side and also limit strain in familial relationships.
Meditation is a great way for teens to get time to themselves and also a method of teaching them to discipline their minds and bodies to work for rather than against them. Learning controlled breathing techniques and how to relax their minds at will help them to cope with all the stresses they face on a daily basis and provide them with a drug and risk-free method of escaping reality.
Finding a club to join is a good idea even for teens that are not as comfortable in social situations. Clubs allow teens to engage in activities they are passionate about, with people who share the same interests, rather than forcing them to assimilate to fit in socially and have friends. Having people to talk to and stuff to do, whether it’s knitting, reading, playing chess or protecting animal rights, is a reliable way to relieve stress and promote positivity and purpose.
Self-help books are a more private way of seeking help, while groups offer support from peers going through similar challenges. These types of resources can provide a teen with tips and philosophies to help them to cope better with their anxiety symptoms and to prevent anxiety from controlling their lives
Depression symptoms can vary in severity, but changes in your teen’s emotions and behavior may include the examples below
It can be difficult to tell the difference between ups and downs that are just part of being a teenager and teen depression. Talk with your teen. Try to determine whether he or she seems capable of managing challenging feelings, or if life seems overwhelming.
Explain Depression to Your Teen
Comparing depression to a physical malady such as diabetes can help your teen frame depression as an illness, understand their symptoms, grasp the importance of treatment, and help them not to feel alone or abnormal. Older children and adolescents are especially sensitive to feeling different or out of place. Talk with your child and encourage them to ask questions.
For example: “Depression is a mental illness. It’s like the flu and other illnesses in that it can make you feel tired or have a headache. It can also affect your moods and feelings. It can make you feel sad, lonely, frustrated, angry, or scared.”
Your teenager is more likely to comply with treatment if they have a say in treatment decisions, understand what treatment is for, and know what to expect. Of course, allowing your child to plan their own treatment isn’t always practical, but letting them make a small decision (like setting up the next appointment) can help them feel a little more in control.
For example: “You need to take your medicine every day and go to therapy once a week so you feel better. You can talk privately to your therapist about how you are feeling. Your medicine may make you feel tired or dizzy, but it should go away soon. That is why you’ll see the doctor once a month. They will ask about how the medicine is making you feel and will make sure that it is helping you.”
Depression can cause teens to withdraw from friends and family, which can increase feelings of sadness, loneliness, and isolation. Supportive relationships are essential for people of all ages but are especially important for depressed children who already feel lonely or isolated.
Having just one friend or supportive adult to talk to can be of significant benefit to your child. Declare your support and availability, and encourage your child to connect or re-connect with friends and share their feelings.
For example: “I am always here to talk to you about anything. Talking to your friends can help, too. Having supportive and encouraging people to lean on is important. Talking about your feelings can make a difficult time a little bit easier. Which of your friends do you think you might be able to talk to?”
Older children might be familiar with the social stigma of mental illness or have heard others say derogatory things about people will mental illness. Consider addressing this with your child so that they do not feel like they must hide or be ashamed of their depression diagnosis.
Remind your child that people might not understand or might be misinformed, but that is no reason to feel embarrassed or ashamed. Teens should also know that telling people about their diagnosis is up to them, but it is not something they need to hide.
